XtremelectroniXprojects

NEW GENERATION PCB DESIGNING SOFTWARE

2010-07-17T06:47:00.001+05:30

TARGET3001! design station is an object-oriented,  32-bit schematic- simulation- and printed circuit board development  system for the PC. Its a partly automatic tool, that assists you with  the drawing of a schematic, the mixed-mode simulation of a circuit and  the PCB design with an integrated EMC checking tool. 

The data of  the schematic, simulation, PCB and EMC check are collected and editable  in one file. Any changes in one of the program parts will automatically  update the remaining view involved in the data file.

A  inconsistent data basis is therefore prohibited and a complicated  translation or communication via netlists is inapplicable. TARGET3001!  design station is the only software system worldwide with the mentioned  features in combination with one common user interface. 

TARGET  3001 is a full featured PCB design software which was designed to let  you help in your work with circuit board projects.

TARGET3001!  design station has extendable symbol-, model- and package libraries and  is capable of creating a bill of material (B.O.M) as well as netlists in  several formats. Components can not only be placed by hand or  automatically, they can also be edited at any time. 

You can  route your PCBs on the screen interactively and/or fully automatically.  The finished PCB file can be translated to several data formats with  the help of special output drivers, allowing you to create data which  can be used for a selection of different CAM processes.

Cellphone controlled robot

2010-06-23T07:47:00.002+05:30

Robotics is an interesting field where every engineer can showcase his creative and technical skills. Pleasing aspect of robotics is that a robot can be made indigenously by anyone. In this competitive world there is need for every enthusiastic, amateur to professional, to make a simple robot having innovated applications and with robust control.

Mobile phones today became an essential entity for one and all and so, for any mobile based application there great reception. In this scenario making a mobile phone operated land rover is a good idea. Conventionally wireless controlled robots utilize RF circuits, which had limitations like limited range, limited frequency ranges and controls. But a mobile phone controlled robot can hold up these limitations. It has a robust control, unlimited range (coverage area of the service provided), no fear of interfering with other controllers and we can have as much as 16controls.

Although the appearance and capabilities of robots vary vastly, all robots share the features of a mechanical, moveable structure under some form of control. This control of robot involves three distinct phases : perception, processing and action. In common preceptors are sensors mounted on the robot, processing is done by on-board microcontroller or processor and task (action) is performed using motors or with some other actuators.

DUAL-TONE MULTI-FREQUENCY (DTMF)

Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications devices and the switching center. The version of DTMF used for telephone tone dialing is known by the trademarked term Touch-Tone, and is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is also known in the UK as MF4. Other multi-frequency systems are used for signaling internal to the telephone network.

As a method of in-band signaling, DTMF tones were also used by cable television broadcasters to indicate the start and stop times of local commercial insertion points during station breaks for the benefit of cable companies. Until better out-of-band signaling equipment was developed in the 1990s, fast, unacknowledged , and loud DTMF tone sequences could be heard during the commercial breaks of cable channels in the US and elsewhere.

Circuit Description

Figures shows the block diagram and cicuit diagram of the microcontroller- based robot. The important components of this robot are DTMF decoder, Microcontroller and motor driver.

An MT8870 series dtmf decoder is used here. All types of the mt8870 series use digital counting techniques to detect and decodeall the sixteen DTMF tone pairs in to a four bit code output. The built -in dila tone regection circuit eliminated the need for pre- filtering. When the input signal given at pin2 (IN-) single ended input configuration is recognized to be effective, the correct four bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is transferred to Q1 (pin11) through Q4(pin14) outputs.

The atmega 16 is a low power, 8 bit, cmos microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. It provides the following feature: 16kb of in system programmable flash memory with read write capabilities, 512bytes of EEPROM, 1KB SRAM, 32 general purpose input/output lines. 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the arithmetic logic unit, allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one signal instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient. Outputs from port pins PD0 through PD3 and PD7 of the microcontroller are fed to inputs IN1 through IN4 and enable pins (EN1 and EN2) of motor driver L293d respectively, to drive geared motors. Switch S1 is used for manual reset.More video

PROJECT REPORT 

CELL PHONE CONTROLLED ROBOT

2010-06-23T07:19:00.001+05:30

CLOUD ANTIVIRUS

2010-04-08T05:35:00.000+05:30

Panda has released a free anti-Virus offering  that resides mostly off the host system and in the cloud. Using  'Collective Intelligence', along with distributed computing and a global  and community-based platform, Panda has said this new offering is  entirely different from what it's created in the past. So, has it  succeeded? 

Starting off, installing the new Panda protection was just as fast as  expected. It took no time at all, just under four minutes in the lab in  order to install and start using the software. 

How to program AVR by ponyprog

2010-04-07T06:59:00.000+05:30

microcontrollers. They are ISP – is in-system programmable. Using buffer is safer for your AVR.

But what if you need 128 atmega programmer without any parts, then you can connect your microcontroller directly to LPT port or use protection resistors (220R) just in case. of course circuit works without resistors, but you put your LPT port at risk.This resistor is not needed

Just connect GND, SCK, MISO, MOSI and RESET to adequate LPT pins and you can program atmega flash memory without removing it from socket. Programming can be done byPonyProg download

How to get Asianet in DTH DISH TV

2010-04-02T06:32:00.000+05:30

Do you have asianet channel?
Noooo...

Now asianet is pay channel. So it is not available in local dish tv, but it has solution auto scan your set top box. when a new channel will come with the name of middle east asianet. It is similar to asianet. try it

ABS BRAKE IN CAR

2010-03-13T07:09:00.004+05:30

ANTI LOCK BRAKES are a system that is between the brake master cylinder and the wheels. The systemprevents an unstable condition of the car under extreme braking conditions. It modulates the pressure of the brake fluid that is applied to both front brake calipers and/or both rear calipers, preventing the wheels from "LOCKING UP". Normal brake fluid pressure is restored when there is no longer a possibility of the wheels locking up. Each wheel has a SENSOR that the system monitors for each wheels rotation. If one of the wheels is turning slower than the others, the anti lock system releases the pressure to that wheel. The system is designed to provide positive feedback by way of a kickback on the brake pedal when the system has been activated. The system works very well in wet or icy conditions, preventing skids and loss of directional control.The control module is a micro-controller.We can change the efficency of abs by re programming

IP Camera

2010-03-12T06:47:00.000+05:30

What is an IP Camera?

An IP Camera is a stand-alone device which allows you to view live, full motion video from anywhere in the world. IP Cameras can be used for surveillance of both homes and businesses. With the ability to record live video to a remote location, IP Cameras allow you to make sure your recorded video is safe by storing it at a location that only you can access.

MALAYALAM IS NOT WORKING IN YOUR PC

2010-02-27T08:04:00.001+05:30

I am not able to print the Manorama  Online site. Why?
 Why  is the site appearing with junk characters?
 Is the font problem related to my browser?

 Follow this steps you can solve your problem

Download this file CLICK HERE  Then copy this file to start->control panel-> fonts

3 LED battery monitor circuit

2010-02-25T06:04:00.001+05:30

This is the circuit diagram of a 3 LED bar graph type battery monitor  circuit that is ideal for monitoring the voltage level of an automobile  battery.When battery voltage is 11.5V or less transistor Q1 will be On  and the LED D1 will be glowing.When battery voltage is between 11.5 and  13.5V, the transistor Q2 will be On and the LED D2 will be glowing.When  battery voltage is above 13.5V the transistor Q3 will be On and the LED  D3 will be glowing.

Kindle Wireless Reading Device (6" Display, Global Wireless, Latest Generation)

Space mouse

2010-02-14T06:27:00.002+05:30

Every day of your computing life, out of your mouse whenever you want to move the cursor or activate something. The mouse feel your motion, clicks, and send them to your computer in order to make an appropriate response. Detection of an ordinary mouse motion X, Y plane and act as a two-dimensional controller. This is not fit for people to use three-dimensional graphical environment.

Space mouse is a professional 3D controller, designed to operate objects, 3D environment. It allows simultaneous control of all six degrees of freedom - translation of rotation or a combination. . The device can be used as an intuitive man-machine interface

Formerly known as spacemouse German aviation and aerospace control the ball. Spacemouse has its origins in the late 70s, the German Aerospace Center (DLR research institutions) began his study of Robotics and System Dynamics department equipment has six degrees of freedom (6 DOF) control the robot claws Cartesian space. The basic principle behind the construction of mechanical and electrical engineering, and sensory integration concepts. The spacemouse have a different mode of operation, it can also be used as a two-dimensional mouse.

How a computer mouse work?
Mice first broke the stage with the public launch of the Apple Macintosh in 1984, after which they completely re-define how we use computers. Every day of your computing life, you are out of your mouse, you want to move the cursor or activate something. You feel your motion of the mouse, clicks, and send them to your computer in order to make an appropriate response

Its main objective is to translate the motion of any mouse through your hand to signal the computer can be used. Today, almost all of the mouse to translate the use of five parts:

Latest technology in computers

2010-02-11T05:59:00.005+05:30

Computer technology is one of the most rapidly changing and developing fields within the world! There are so many different things that computers can do, and every year many new computer products and technological advances are announced! Here are a couple of the newest and greatest pieces of computer technology

Nimbuzz Mobile

2010-02-07T07:02:00.003+05:30

Nimbuzz Mobile lets you call, chat, message, and send files on the go, for free. It combines all your buddies from Skype, MSN, Yahoo, ICQ, AIM, Google Talk and more. One login, one contact list, all accounts. See who´s online and where, call/group-call, chat/chatrooms, offline messaging, send photos/music/video, voice messaging. Nimbuzz Mobile free to download and use. Nimbuzz will not charge or bill you for anything. However, since Nimbuzz uses your internet connection, incremental data charges from your provider will apply. We therefore strongly recommend to use the mobile client only with a flat-rate data plan or free Wifi connection. Save Money: Instead of calling minutes, Nimbuzz uses the internet to let you make free international calls to your buddies. You can also register your VoIP account to call your friends on landlines and mobile phones. Locate your Friends: Share your location and retrieve the location of your buddies on a map. Great for arranging face to face meetings. Make yourself heard: If your buddies are offline, let them know you’re trying to get in touch by sending them a "Buzz". It will start Nimbuzz Mobile on their mobile phone. Never lose your Contacts: Use the Phonebook to back up and restore your contacts. Contacts will be backed up online. Comes in handy when you have lost yourmobile phone. Mobile soft ware click

FOR PC NIMBUZZ click

MOBILE CONTROLLED MOUSE

2010-02-05T06:40:00.010+05:30

Mobile controlled mouse, I controlled my computer by with my Nokia N95. IT worked as like a mouse in air. It is due to the accelerometer working. It is only for accelerometer contained phone. It is connecting to computer with bluetooth device
step 1
Install PythonS60 in your mobile for download click here
Install this plug-ins Accelerometer Plug-In and aXYZ Plug-In
Install python in your PC click here

Install NiiMe mouse software in your PC click here

Step2
Take your mobile and pair with your mobile and PC with the help of bluetooth dongle. And set your bluetooth port eg: COM6

Then take python in your mobile then take blue tooth console pair with PC

Then take NiiMe --------> connect

THEN you can see a miracle. Normally we can use all accelerometer phones

ROTATING LED DISPLAY

2010-01-29T16:31:00.001+05:30

BSNL 3G

2010-01-27T18:22:00.002+05:30

3G is the next generation of mobile communications systems. It enhances the services such as multimedia, high speed mobile broadband, internet access with the ability to view video footage on your mobile handset. With a 3G phone and access to the 3G network you can make video calls, watch live TV, access the high speed internet, receive emails and download music tracks, as well as the usual voice call and messaging services found on a mobile phone, like person to person video, live streaming, downloadable video of entertainment, news, current affairs and sport content and video messaging

Google Voice Search for your Nokia Phone

2010-01-23T17:02:00.004+05:30

There is a good news Google Voice Search for your Nokia Phone is released.Good news for Nokia users who carry an N-Series or E-Series mobile phone. You can now download the Google Mobile app for your Nokia phone and search Google using simple voice commands as demonstrated in the following video. Google Voice Search app is location aware so you don’t have to mention the name of your city or locality when using location specific queries like “nearest pizza restaurant or “medicine shops”. google voice for nokiaThe Google voice search app is integrated with Google Suggest but in addition to regular search queries, the voice app can also auto-suggest websites so you reach your favorites sites more quickly as you no longer have to type the full address of a domain. In addition to Nokia S60 phones, Google Mobile App with Voice Search is available for BlackBerry, iPhone and Android based mobile devices. The Google Voice Search application for Nokia is available for English as well as the Chinese Language. Download

Why not protonics?

2010-01-21T20:59:00.004+05:30

Let us take a particle like, say, the neutron. Just what is it like? First of all the, this particle has no charge. Secondly, its mass exceeds that of the electron more than 1840 times. Since it has no charge, it is quite indifferent, or neutral, to an external electric field. And, since that is the case,the neutron cannot be controlled with the aid of a field. The electron is totally different. Being charged negatively, it always tends to move towards a plate with a positive ppotential. By varying the potential, it is possible to control electrons: to accelerate or retard their movement and change their direction, to increase or decrease the stream of electrons.

But there are other particles, protons, for instance, that are not indifferent to the action of a field, because they carry a certain positive charge. Why is it then that protonic devices are not used instead of electronic ones?

The proton has a mass 1840 times that of the electron. Take an ordinary cannon ball and place baside it a ball that is 1840 times heavier. If the first should happen to weigh 30 kg, then the second could prove heavier than ten spaceships!

The heavy and inert protones can never hope to compete with the agile electrons-heavy bombers will never be as manoeuvrings as light fighter planes. All pilots know that the lighter an aircraft, the less its inertia. Turn the controls the tiniest bit, and the fighter changes course sharply. But even with the highest maneuverability, inertia must be taken into account, other wise the fighter would fly past the target by inertia, without scoring a hit.

But to return to the subject, it must be stated that the electron possess an insignificant mass and insignificant inertia compared to the proton and neutron. This means that external forces can instantly cause it to accelerate and fly along the most complex of paths. No sooner is voltage applied, than the electron gathers enormous speed. The sign of the voltage is reversed and immediately the electron flies back.

This is probably one of its most important properties. With out it, it would be impossible to “draw” an image 25 times a second on television screens; to produce oscillations with the current in a circuit changing its direction and magnitude as often as 10 000 000 000 times a second; to control high-speed rocket and to perform within an hour calculations with an electronic computer that would take a human being several years.

solar eclipse

2010-01-15T18:46:00.005+05:30

solar eclipse
A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the Sun and the Earth so that the Sun is fully or partially covered. This can only happen during a new moon, when the Sun and Moon are in conjunction as seen from the Earth. At least two and up to five solar eclipses can occur each year on Earth, with between zero and two of them being total eclipses

Accelerometers robot

2010-01-15T18:34:00.002+05:30

3D LED 4x4x4 cube

2010-01-15T05:22:00.000+05:30

More information www.instructables.com

How to increase the utorrent downloading speed

2010-01-14T17:22:00.008+05:30

All of them are facing this problem,this is due to the uploading rate is very high in torrent so we reduce it to minimum level(10kb/sec).
Take settings & try this Download

Desktop GIS for Linux

2010-01-12T18:01:00.008+05:30

What is GIS?
A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.

Three Views of a GIS

A GIS is most often associated with a map. A map, however, is only one way you can work with geographic data in a GIS, and only one type of product generated by a GIS. A GIS can provide a great deal more problem-solving capabilities than using a simple mapping program or adding data to an online mapping tool (creating a "mash-up").

The Database View
The Map View
The Model View more.......

Electronic Cigarette

2010-01-11T05:51:00.006+05:30

First we have electronic mail, and now we have an Electronic Cigarette?

What is an electronic cigarette?

Electronic Cigarettes Inc. is offering you a new product, a new idea, a revolutionary advance in science that is destined to change the way people smoke forever. Imagine a smoking alternative that looks, tastes, feels, and acts like a cigarette but doesn't actually produce any "real" smoke. Instead, it utilizes a tar free, odorless, nicotine vapor that is free ofmany of thechemicals found in traditional cigarettes.

The way it works is simple. Each electronic cigarette or "e-cig" has a battery, an atomizer, and a cartridge filled with a liquid nicotine solution. Upon inhalation, a device is switched on which sends a signal to a heating element inside of the unit, called an "Atomizer". The e-cig atomizer heats up quickly and vaporizes the liquid nicotine solution into a vapor that replicates the look and feel of smoke.

How does it work?Making smoke without fire is a complex task, requiring several high tech components. 
With its clever battery-powered atomiser, the “smoke” from an e-cigarette is actually atomised water vapour that looks totally realistic!
AMAZINGLY there is no smell associated with the e-cigarette, and yet it’s “smoke”, looks, feels, and behaves just like a real cigarette. A small, replaceable nicotine cartridge fits into the holder, delivering a measured dose of nicotine to the smoker with each puff.
As an aid to quitting smoking it is absolutely unique – providing the pleasure associated with normal smoking, but with the tremendous bonus that the nicotine element can be totally controlled. The cartridges contain pure nicotine, and are available in different strengths and flavours, representing the equivalent of around 20 cigarettes each. For those serious about quitting smoking, the strength of the cartridge can be gradually reduced (or replaced with another flavour!) or, of course, removed completely!

Google introducing their own mobile phone

2010-01-08T03:32:00.005+05:30

Powerful 1GHz SnapDragon processor
3.7 inch AMOLED touch screen
512MB of RAM
512MB of ROM (Internal Memory)
MicroSD slot expandable up to 32GB
5 Mega Pixel camera
Google Android OS
GPS, Google Maps
Accelerometer, Light sensor & proximity sensor
Active Noise Cancellation for clear calls
Google Earth debuting on this handset & will be available to other Android devices soon via Android App Market

Google is coming into the mobile industry-Nexus one is the first mobile of google. Search giant Google, which used to make fun of Internet users to prove once again to do so. After nearly three years of speculation whether it will create its own mobile phone and retail it, Google has launched its so-called "super mobile phone" (rather than smart phones).

Named "Google's Nexus a" mobile phone is determined by Taiwan's HTC, and software platform is its own - Robot 2.1. The phone will initially apply only to countries, such as the United States, Britain, Hong Kong and Singapore (not currently in India).

Not locked version in the U.S. price of 530 U.S. dollars (about Rs 24,300), while telephone charges 179 U.S. dollars (about 8,200 rupees) to T - Mobile's contract (Telecom-led funding, the phone's price).
DO YOU WANT TO USE THIS PHONE click here

MARKETING:Customers can purchase mobile phone from the "Google webstore" in the google.com / mobile phone.A Nexus One smartphone, the first mobile phone Google will sell directly to consumers based on its Android platform, sits on display at Google headquarters in Mountain View, California.

CHROME OS FROM GOOGLE

2010-01-06T02:59:00.002+05:30

Google Chrome OS is an open source operating system designed by Google to work exclusively with web applications.Announced on July 7, 2009, Chrome OS is set to have a publicly available stable release during the second half of 2010.The operating system is based on Linux and will run only on specifically designed hardware. The user interface takes a minimalist approach, resembling that of the Chrome web browser. Because the browser will be the only application residing on the device, Google Chrome OS is aimed at users who spend most of their computer time on the Internet.

Single IC Audio amplifier

2010-01-03T06:57:00.004+05:30

The LM386 is a versatile, small power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer applications. The gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low, but with the addition of an external resistor and capacitor between pins 1-8 the gain can be set to any value from 20 to 200.

The inputs are ground referenced and the output automatically biases to one-half the supply voltage. The quiescent power drain is only 24 milliwatts when operating from a 6 Volt supply, making the LM386 ideal for battery operation.

To make the LM 386 a more versatile amplifier, 2 pins (pin 1 and 8) are provided for gain control. With pins 1 and 8 open the internal 1.35k resistor sets the gain at 20 (26 dB). If a capacitor is placed between pin 1-8, bypassing the built-in 1.35k resistor, the gain will go up to 200.

If a resistor is placed in series with the capacitor, the gain can be set to any value from 20 to 200. Gain control can also be done by capacitively coupling a resistor or FET transistor from pin 1 to the ground.

GPS Navigation systems in latest vehicles

2010-01-02T04:59:00.005+05:30

GPS navigation is used for the road speed limit stored in map data has been used for optimum route calculation purposes. In the peak hour, the vehicle speed would be less compared to the speed at the noon time or late evening. Thus, the real time navigation system shows speed of the vehicle depends on the time. Hence, the optimum route between two or more places would not be same both in the peak and non-peak hour. The current/available system does not have an intelligent mechanism to consider the traffic congestions instantaneously and to identify the optimum route at that time.
All information is about the vehicle store speed at pre-defined time intervals in the map attribute data and compute the optimal route using the corresponding speed information in the time interval at the time of request. It uses map matching method to find the road segment and retrieve speed data from GPS/Speedometer. The speed would be stored in the attribute data for the corresponding time intervals (eg, 8:00-9:00AM, 9:00 -10:00AM etc). The proposed system will use this stored speed for the optimum route analysis. Thus, for the same inputs (Origin and Destination), the system would give different optimal routes at different times on the same day.

An automotive navigation system is a satellite navigation system designed for use in automobiles. Unlike other GPS systems, these use position data to locate the user on a road in the unit's map database. (encyclopedia).

The introduction of Geospatial Information System within the car dash board is one of the advancements of Geospatial technology. In-Car navigation system allows better understanding of the user’s current position as well foresee any upcoming manoeuvres actions and points of interest. One of the notable features of Navigation system is finding the optimum route for the given origin and destination and also providing navigational instructions. As the navigation systems becomes more ubiquitous, makers like Lexus LS, Tom-Tom, Siemens, Blaupunkt and many more have started to provide in-car navigation systems.

The emergence of new products in the market is so rapid and today’s navigation package will be out of date in few months. In the short term, the sensitive information such as traffic congestion, new road updates and point of interests should be updated frequently. The statistics (adapted from The Global market for Navigation Systems) say 50% of the cars will have telematics by 2006. The market will first grow first in Japan, followed by Europe and US.

The following sections deals with the functionalities of the Navigation systems, speed calculation, optimum routing algorithm, map data structure and the implementation methodology of the proposed system.

Functionalities in Navigation System

The common functionalities or features in In-Car Navigation systems are,

Map Navigation tools (zoom in/out, pan etc)
Display of POI (Point of Interest) along the roads
User queries
Optimum route calculation
Route guidance & directions to reach the destination(s)
Integrated map display (labels, one-way, flow of direction, ferries etc)
Voice recognition
Audio/Video player
Bluetooth Capability

Nero 9

2009-12-31T06:21:00.004+05:30

All computer users are the fan of Nero......
Nero 9 is a perfect tool for burning CDs and DVDs of all types, as well as for playing,importing,and manipulating video and audio,including HD
But Nero 8 was competent, too, and while the improvements in Nero 9 are most welcome, they're probably not enough to warrant upgrading from the previous version.
DO YOU WANT NERO 9..

SMS Spoofing

2009-12-30T17:42:00.004+05:30

No doubt, Short Messaging Service or SMS is important part of our everyday life routine.
We send SMS being on meeting or wherever no call is possible.
SMS spoofing is a relatively new technology, the use of Short Message Service (SMS), available in most mobile phones and personal digital assistants, who set up message displays to replace the original mobile phone number from (Sender ID) of the letter writing.
SMS spoofing became possible after many mobile/cellular operators had integrated their network communications with/in the Internet. So anybody could send SMS from the Internet using forms at the websites of mobile operators or even through e-mail. Unfortunately, I won't break you in telling that there's no perfect security, it is only defined by the level of sophisticated technical arms of malefactors. Thus the Internet forms, designed to send SMS, possibly may have some vulnerabilities in their codes., Using these vulnerabilities at websites, malefactors create a malicious code (trojan), usually a web-based software, or in some other way obtain access to the SMS-Internet tunnel. To deceive both legitimate uses (the name of the company set up from the message is sent, to develop its own mobile phone number, or product name) and the illegal use (such as impersonate any person, company, products).
SMSGANG

How to solve a cube

2009-12-12T18:01:00.000+05:30

E mail spoofing

2009-12-12T17:45:00.005+05:30

E-mail spoofing is a technique often used to hide the source of spam and phishing e-mail.E-mail fraud is a term used to describe the e-mail activity, the sender of the e-mail address and other parts of the title modified to look like an e-mail originated from different sources. E-mail by changing certain attributes, such as from, return to the path and return to the field (which can be found in message header), a malicious user can e-mail seems to be from other than the actual sender. As a result, although the e-mail appears to come from the report, said from the field (found in e-mail headers), but in fact from another source.
Some E mail spoofing sites

ATTENTION PLEASE

2009-12-09T17:15:00.004+05:30

Watch your surroundings. You can see atleast one spy camera
Do you know this types of spy camera?

Do you want more cameras

DANCING ROBOT

2009-12-08T18:32:00.004+05:30

Rocking E7

2009-12-07T23:45:00.000+05:30

CARBON MOTORS DESIGNED A NEW POLICE CAR

2009-12-07T18:04:00.004+05:30

Carbon Motors Corporation American Motors Corporation plans to introduce a dedicated police car.Founded Los Angeles, California in the United States by Stacy Dean Stephens, and William Santana Li (a former police officer, the former Ford Motor Co., respectively) in 2003, the company moved to Atlanta, Georgia, in 2006, where he continued to develop its products and get investors. In July 2009, the company headquarters have moved to Connersville, Indiana, and plans to invest 350 million U.S. dollars Conversion of the former WorldCom facility.
Carbon-car-type E7 is equipped with aluminum space frame chassis and dual-turbo diesel engine, and all other components designed specifically for police use.
Limited production of cars will be expensive, but it is designed to run problem free of charge at least 40 million kilometers, so it will offset the initial costs.COST is nearly 300 billion rupees
Specifications include integrated flash and sirens, searchlights, rear "suicide" doors, it is easy to insist on perps, a cockpit integrated plant, equipped with law enforcement equipment, climbed the short front and rear overhang footpaths, heated and ventilated seats, head-up display, reverse back up camera, driver-specific intelligent key, 360-degree surveillance capabilities, automatic license plate recognition systems, video and audio surveillance rear passenger compartment, infrared systems, front and rear passenger compartment partition, After washing compartment and integrated forward bumper, rear-end accidents can withstand 120 km.Automatic parking system working with the help of GPS CLASSIC PHOTO OF E7

HOW WE USE ACCELEROMTER?

2009-12-05T18:11:00.002+05:30

This three-axis accelerometer is essentially a carrier board or breakout board for Freescale’s MMA7260QT MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) accelerometer.MMA7260QT MEMS datasheet. It is a great IC, it is a small and it have no leads.The device also operates at 2.2 V to 3.6 V, which can make interfacing difficult for microcontrollers operating at 5 V

HOW WE USE THIS SENSOR?

The schematic for the 3-axis accelerometer is shown below. The device can be powered directly through the Vcc/3.3 V pin using a supply that is within the MMA7260QT’s acceptable power supply range of 2.2 V to 3.6 V. Alternatively, the board can be powered by higher voltages, up to 16 V, using the VIN pin, which connects to a low-dropout 3.3 V regulator. In this configuration, the Vcc/3.3 V pin can serve as an output to be used as a reference voltage or power source for other low-power devices (up to around 50 mA, depending on the input voltage).

Each of the three outputs is an RC-filtered analog voltage that ranges from 0 to Vcc. For 5 V applications, the outputs will range from 0 to 3.3 V. The 3.3 V output can be used as a reference for analog-to-digital converters to gain full resolution

When you are using a 5 V microcontroller, you should make your sensitivity selection I/O lines inputs and relay upon the internal pull-ups on the GS1 and GS2 lines if you want them to be high. It is always safe for you to drive these lines low.

SPECIFICATION

Dimensions: 0.8" x 0.55" x 0.11" (without header pins)
Operating voltage: 3.3-16 V
Supply current: 1.35 mA
Output format: 3 analog voltages (one signal for each axis)
Output voltage range: 0-Vcc (0-3.3 V for VIN > 3.3 V)
Sensitivity range: ±1.5g, 2g, 4g, or 6g (selectable using pins GS1 and GS2; default is ±6g)

Weight without header pins: 0.03 oz (0.85 g)

INCUDED COMPONENIS
It is a leadless IC.A 10×1 strip of 0.1" header pins and two shorting blocks are included, as shown in the left picture below.
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APPLICATIONS OF ACCELEROMETER

2009-12-04T17:26:00.006+05:30

ENGINEERING SECTION:-Accelerometer in used to measure the acceleration of vehicle. Useful numbers like 0-60mph, 60-0mph and 1/4 mile times can all be found using accelerometers
MACHINERY MONITORING:-Accelerometers are also used rotating machinery health monitoring devices, such as pumps, fans, rollers, compressors, cooling towers. Vibration monitoring program has been proven to save money, reduce downtime and improve global security of the plants, by detecting conditions such as shaft misalignment, rotor imbalance, gear failure or bearing failure could lead to expensive repairs
HUMAN ACTIVITIES:-walking, running, dancing or skipping
ELECTRONICS:-Now it is commonly used in our mobiles for auto rotating screen ,navigation etc...,Many laptops have an accelerometer, such as the Lenovo active protection system, as well as Apple's. Sudden Motion Sensor for detecting drop. If you detect the hard disk park head down to avoid the impact of the subsequent data loss.
GRAVIMETRY:-Gravimeter is used to measure the gravitational field

Accelerometer

2009-12-03T18:49:00.003+05:30

What is the acceleration?

Accelerometer is an instrument for measuring the acceleration, vibration testing and measurement, or measuring acceleration of gravity (tilt). Accelerometer can be used to measure the vibration of vehicles, machinery, construction, process control systems and safety devices. They can also be used to measure seismic activity, inclination, machine vibration, dynamic distance and speed or no impact on the severity.

How an accelerometer work?

For computation and measurement of vibration acceleration, accelerometers can detect the slightest movement, from the tilt of the building to minimize the vibration caused by the instrument. The internal structure of the accelerometer is the charge generated minutes, if the sensor experiences, any mobile.
Acceleration must be placed on the surface of the object to determine the vibration. This can not work in isolation, or in addition to targeted needs assessment, must be firmly attached to the object in order to give an accurate reading.

Different types of accelerometers

In the two basic accelerometer:

1. Simulation Acceleration

Sometimes the input and output readings are also important, especially when it comes to determine the kinds of accelerometers, an object needs to be placed. If the output is the acceleration figures for the numbers must be placed, and vice versa. Main features is that the accelerometer output, they tend to change or even a slight change in input.
The most common type of the accelerometers for automotive airbags, taking note of a sudden drop in the speed and the vehicle to trigger the release of airbags. Even notebook computers are currently equipped with accelerometers, in order to protect the hard disk without any physical danger, resulting in decreased mainly due to accidents.

2. Digital accelerometer

Digital accelerometer more complex to simulate. Here, the amount of time high voltage is directly proportional to acceleration. One of its main advantage is that it is more stable and have a direct output signal. Accelerometers, are now also used in aerospace and many military applications, such as missile launchers, weapon fire control systems, rocket deployment that when these accelerometers are used to protect the fragile equipment, cargo transportation, and to report any pressure, may lead to possible damage. Some companies also seek to develop wireless 3-axis accelerometer is not only low cost, but also the impact and durable. This three-axis acceleration sensor has been used to protect cell phones and music players. In addition, these sensors are used in some equipment used for traffic navigation and control.

Piezoelectric sensor

Depends on the kinds of work, the acceleration in different ways, they are prepared and how they work. Some of the use of piezoelectric accelerometers, which are man-made. In this accelerometer acceleration calculated on the basis of the charges from the micro-crystal structure of acceleration, due to the motion.

MEMS accelerometer

Another with capacitance change, and within it as a result of the promotion of some of the power. This technology has been used in the automotive industry, the industrialization of agriculture, from NASA's research and military operations.

Strain gauge

This device is designed to measure strain of the object, which is detected by the pressure factor in aluminum foil. If the object, which attached a number of measuring deformation of how to create electrical charges and are called to measure the factors.
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60MP camera

2009-12-02T18:36:00.003+05:30

In 2008 Photokina show recently held, Hasselblad launched their new flagship camera, H3DII - 50, this is the first feature on the digital camera market, Kodak 50 megapixel sensor. According to the Hasselblad H3DII - 60 will be launched in 2009.

The H3DII - 60 will use 60-megapixel sensor, providing 94% of the full-frame, 645 coverage. According to Poulsen, Hasselblad CEO, it is important to stress that 94% of the coverage, because, although we have heard a 'full-frame' being used quite frequently, but the manufacturer has not yet reached a true middle-format full - frame.

H3DI - 60 positioned to provide market in April 2009, will cost about 4000 U.S. dollars.

Wireless charging in DELL laptop

2009-12-02T18:19:00.006+05:30

Imagine, never to give your notebook computer or cell phone power adapter so that it is charging, all you need to do is on the table of equipment or a variety of positions, it will start charging wireless.This technology, otherwise known as wireless sensor charge, has been used in such devices, electric toothbrushes and flashlights, and more recently the palm of their touchstone of pre-wireless charger. Now, Dell's hat thrown into the ring with the launch of its wireless notebook computer stand embarrassed its Latitude notebook PCs, which will not charge any visible cables or plugs.

Dell has released the first details of its wireless charging latitude ž notebook computers, set the function of the 'real-time' operating systems and wireless USB hub, put it up to your desktop monitor and peripherals.

Dell Latitude Z is a set of cost of $2000 in the United States, there is no word yet Dell in the UK where the price or release date.

Z-existing Intel ULV processor and an ARM processor, increased battery life, and allows 'real time' mode.

It has a built coil have the right, in its foundation, so that it can be wireless charging, much like the pre-palm. Just a little big!

USB 3.0

2009-12-01T18:25:00.006+05:30

USB 3.0 to achieve higher performance digital the way technological change. Perhaps the most obvious change is an additional physical bus, at the same time to join with the existing USB 2.0 bus. This means that if a USB 2.0 previously in four lines (power, ground, and a pair of differential data), USB 3.0 has increased four more two pairs of differential signal (receive and send), a total of eight connectors to connect and cabling. These additional two pairs are necessary to support ultra high-speed USB bandwidth requirements of the target, as the two differential signal lines of the USB 2.0 is not enough.

In addition, the signal transmission method, but also hold orientation, it is asynchronous, not voting. The USB 3.0 uses a two-way data interface, instead of a USB 2.0 's half-duplex arrangement, the data can only flow in one direction once. Did not receive any more technical nonsense, all this combined to give 10 times the bandwidth of growth theory, and welcomes anyone to significant improvement, the ultra high-speed USB products on the market.
Advantages of USB 3
* Higher data transfer rates (up to 4.8 Gbps of)
* The largest increase bus capacity, and increase the device current, in order to better meet the power equipment
* New power management features
* Full-duplex data transmission, and support for the new type of transmission
* The new connector and cable high speed data transfer ... although they are backward compatible with USB 2.0 devices and computers
USB 3.0 to achieve higher performance digital the way technological change. Perhaps the most obvious change is an additional physical bus, at the same time to join with the existing USB 2.0 bus. This means that if a USB 2.0 previously in four lines (power, ground, and a pair of differential data), USB 3.0 has increased four more two pairs of differential signal (receive and send), a total of eight connectors to connect and cabling. These additional two pairs are necessary to support ultra high-speed USB bandwidth requirements of the target, as the two differential signal lines of the USB 2.0 is not enough.

In addition, the signal transmission method, but also hold orientation, it is asynchronous, not voting. The USB 3.0 uses a two-way data interface, instead of a USB 2.0 's half-duplex arrangement, the data can only flow in one direction once. Did not receive any more technical nonsense, all this combined to give 10 times the bandwidth of growth theory, and welcomes anyone to significant improvement, the ultra high-speed USB products on the market.

Super capacitors in car audio system

2009-11-25T18:16:00.004+05:30

People often get confused about how to connect a capacitor car audio (also known as power capacitors or capacitors rigid ). There are two piers car audio capacitor. A positive and negative. The negative ground. The positive terminal connection "consistent" with car audio amp 12-volt terminals. The following figure.
Please note that these two terminals connected to the 12-volt power line. This will result in amplifier power supply being cut. Power Capacitors act as a small battery (accumulator) as shown in the connection diagram. Its drawback is that this type of connection do not know if the power capacitor from the amplifier will not be able to work or not work, power capacitors.

Ideally, the power amplifier capacitor should be as close as possible. Within a couple of feet is acceptable. This can prevent the cable losses to a minimum.

Here's how to connect the two systems in the capacitor. The two capacitors in the diagram, its ground terminal connected to each other, but can also be an independent basis. You can even make or buy "bus", which is a solid metal parts, connect capacitors, both physical and mental power. These "bus" usually come into contact with metal, can be dangerous, if not properly installed. Be careful, if you are this route.

NOTE OF CAUTION: Power capacitors store a lot of energy and cost very quickly. You first need to upload your capacitor before connecting power directly to 12 volts. This is done by a dealer-ohm resistors and voltage meter. Ohm resistance range of exact values is not serious, but I will continue in his 500 dealers. I would suggest get a 1 watt resistor if possible (capacitors may have found a load resistance). Lower resistance continued more heat too fast. Also, do not have the strength with their bare hands. The current flowing through the resistance of the resistance will be hot and can burn. A good place to put the resistance in the main cable to support the power fuse (near the battery). Simply replace the fuse resistance. A diagram of the load capacitance configuration is as follows. You have to put capacitors on the voltage meter to control the tension. Once the 12-volt voltage voltmeter can delete and replace fuse resistance. In addition, you can measure the voltage across the load resistor. Should be from 12 volts or so, and slowly made the way to 0 volts. When the voltage is stopped to change the capacitors you fully loaded.

Another method is to use the old-fashioned light-load tests, rather than a resistor. Connect similar, but there is no need for voltage meter to monitor voltage. When the lights turn off the capacitor charge (because the voltage across the bulb is 12volts to 0volts).

REPRAP ROBOT

2009-11-23T17:38:00.004+05:30

The RepRap Project is

initiative aimed at creating a largely self-replicating machine which can be used for rapid prototyping and manufacturing. A rapid prototyper is a 3D printer that is able to fabricate three dimensional artefacts from a computer-based model.

Because of its potential capacity, copy machines, introduced to facilitate distribution of a writer the opportunity to RepRap units, people's organizations, so that they (or from the Internet to create complex) products, there is no expensive infrastructure needs of industrial heritage. They also speculated that the development of RepRap ultimately prove to be in the process, and can be the number doubled. This, in theory, to potential RepRap is a powerful breakthrough technologies, such as other expected low-cost manufacturing technology of individuals.
Contribute to a better translation

MIT Robot

2009-11-21T07:45:00.005+05:30

A latest invention by MIT Media Lab is a new robot that is able to show vari

ous facial expressions such as 'slanting its eye

brows in anger', or 'raise them in surprise', and show a wide assortment of facial expressions while communicati

ng with people.
This latest achievement in the field of Robot

ics is named “NEXI” as it is framed as the next generation robots which is aimed for a range of applications for personal robots and human-robot teamwork.

DESIGNING:-

The expressive robotics started with a ne

mechanism sporting 4 degrees of freedom (DoF) at the base, plus pan-tilt-yaw of the head itself. The mechanism has been constructed to time the movements so they mimic human speed. The face of NEXI has been specially designed to use gaze, eyebrows, eyelids and an articulate mandible which helps in expressing a wide range of differe

nt emotions.

The arms of NEXI can pick up a weight of up to 10 pounds and the plastic covering of the chassis can detect any kind of human touch.

Emotiv system

2009-11-20T18:21:00.003+05:30

Emotiv Systems is an Australian-origin electronics company developing brain-computer interfaces based on electroencephalography (EEG) technology. Emotiv Systems was founded in 2003 by four scientists

The release date for the EPOC, their gaming-peripheral, is provisionally set for the fourth quarter of 2009, with a price tag of US$299. For a comparison with the OCZ Neural Impulse Actuator and other competing devices, see Comparison of Consumer Brain-Computer Interface Devices.
Emotiv System's only current product, scheduled to be released on December 21 2009 is the Emotiv EPOC peripheral for gaming on windows PCs. Emotiv Systems claims the headset will make it possible for games to be controlled and influenced by the player's mind, and facial expressions. It connects wirelessly with the PC, and may in the future work on other game platforms such as consoles. The Epoc was designed by Emotiv Systems in conjunction with the IDEO design group

Inputs

The EPOC has 14 electrode (compared to the 19 electrodes of a standard medical EEG, and the 11 of OCZ's NIA features and a multiple of Neurosky's single electrode). It also has a two-axis gyro for measuring head rotation.

The headset must first be trained to recognize what kind of thought pattern equates to a certain action. It can measure four categories of inputs

Conscious thoughts (Cognitiv suite)
Emotions (Affectiv suite)
Facial expressions (Expressiv suite)
Head rotation

E motiv..........

2009-11-20T17:07:00.003+05:30

NEW SEARCH ENGINE WITH MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION

2009-11-19T18:05:00.009+05:30

Wolfram Alpha (also written as Wolfram|Alpha) is an answer engine developed by Wolfram Research. It is an online service that answers factual queries directly by computing the answer from structured data, rather than providing a list of documents or web pages that might contain the answer as a search engine would. It was announced in March 2009 by Stephen Wolfram, and was released to the public on May 15, 2009.

Wolfram Alpha is written in 7 million lines of Mathematica (using webMathematica and gridMathematica) code and runs on 10,000 CPUs (though the number was upgraded for the launch).An IPhone application was released on 19 Oct 2009, to provide an optimized interface for mobile access.

This is a new type of search engine.This is also helpful to student, business persons,trade market workers etc.For eg: when we search for sin(X).It will give all the information about the equation with graph. visit this link this is the eg of sin(x) http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=sinx such a way that we can we can solve any equation with website.This website also used in trade market section.When we search about a company it gives all the all the devolepment of company eg: visit this link this is eg: of Intel http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=intel

TRI WHEEL ROBOT

2009-11-18T18:56:00.003+05:30

CCD camera

2009-11-17T15:37:00.003+05:30

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a equipment for the movement of electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value. This is achieved by "shifting" the signals between stages within the device one at a time. Technically, CCDs are implemented as shift register that move charge between capacitive bins in the device, with the shift allowing for the transfer of charge between bins.

Often the device is integrated with a sensor, such as a photoelectric device to produce the charge that is being read, thus making the CCD a major technology where the conversion of images into a digital signal is required. Although CCDs are not the only technology to allow for light detection, CCDs are widely used in professional, medical, and scientific applications where high-quality image data is required.

DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ONLINE OS?

2009-11-11T18:04:00.005+05:30

Glide OS is a web OS .It works as like a OS . The interface is much like of Windows Vista. The most lovable part of this service is that it is completely free for the storage of up to 10 GB, quite big for online storage isn't it? But you have to pay a nominal amount for service of bigger capacities.It have its own image editor,calander,such things Glide OS has a few built in applications that comes in handy when in need. For example, it has a built in word processor, you can create presentations and spreadsheets and it also had a media player that can play almost all the common audio / video formats. You can also check your emails with the integrated mail management tool. It also has a few vista sidebar utilities lookalikes like sticky note, calculator, sync tool etc. You can upload or download files between the PC and Glide OS at anytime. And thats no all, it also gives you an option to create your own website also with some really cool design tools. I have used it for a while now and i have come along with these reviews. Plus: Free online data storage, No need to carry Laptop or HDD all the time, Integrated word procesor and other utilities, works with alomst all OS and browsers, Easy to use interface.Image editor,calculator,etc Minus: It is difficult on slow internet connection, take time for data transfer, Cannot work on mobile broswers with full functionality, Requires Flash 10 or higher, Cannot install additional programs. Sign up..... http://www.glidedigital.com/

FINGERPRINT UNLOCKER

2009-11-06T16:22:00.001+05:30

PWM Circuit for Motor Speed Control

2009-11-03T18:06:00.003+05:30

How we slow down a brush type DC motor?. The most efficient way to do this is with a pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. The hobby circuit below can operate from about 3 volts to 15 volts. The frequency is fixed at about 2KHz but the pulse width can be varied from nearly 100% to 0%. By using a multi-turn pot, you can accurately select the desired motor speed. With the components indicated, the peak motor current can be about 2 amps. For higher currents, you will have to use an n-channel FET with a lower drain to source resistance.This same circuit we can done with a op amp astable multivibrator wit varying duty cycle circuit.

Simple LED chaser

2009-11-02T17:44:00.005+05:30

Above. This is the schematic for a very basic 10 LED chaser I built. I prefer my "chasers" to run more slowly than most people and used a 10 uF capacitor for C1. The 10K pot can reduce the flash speed from not moving to whatever minimum time constant is possible with the C1 value you choose. Don't bother with ultra-bright LEDs for these "chaser" projects as cheaper, lower millicandela (mcd) LEDS work fine. I favor blue and green LEDS. The 4017 decade counter is a fabulous part and can be driven to flash a row of LEDs with a 555 timer chip or astable multivibrator .
DATASHEET

DIGITAL VOLUME CONTROLLER......

2009-10-30T16:14:00.004+05:30

This circuit could be used for replacing your manual volume control in a stereo amplifier. In this circuit, push-to-on switch S1 controls the forward (volume increase) operation of both channels while a similar switch S2 controls reverse (volume decrease) operation of both channels.It is a modern switch.Try it ...
DATA SHEET OF DS1669

Do you know SURFACE computer

2009-10-14T11:18:00.000+05:30

HOW TO MAKE AIR GUN

2009-10-14T11:12:00.000+05:30

Try it...............

ULTRA CAPACITORS

2009-09-20T18:08:00.007+05:30

The ultracapacitor is a new way of storing electric energy that will eclipsechemical batteries in the near future. Instead of storing energy electrochemically, it stores it in an electric field. Ultracapacitors have multiple advantages over conventional batteries, including a lifetime of over 10 years, resistance to changes in temperature, shock, overcharging, and discharging efficiency. They require less maintenance than conventional batteries and are light on the environment when disposed because they lack toxic chemicals.

Electric double-layer capacitors, also known as supercapacitors, electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), orUltracapacitors, are electrochemical capacitors that have an unusually high energy density when compared to common capacitors, typically on the order of thousands of times greater than a high capacity electrolytic capacitor. For instance, a typical D-cell sized electrolytic capacitor will have a capacitance in the range of tens of millifarads. The same size electric double-layer capacitor would have a capacitance of several farads, an improvement of about two or three orders of magnitude in capacitance, but usually at a lower working voltage. Larger, commercial electric double-layer capacitors have capacities as high as 5,000 farads. The highest energy density in production is 30 Wh/kg.

Supercapacitors aim to fill the gap between capacitors and batteries.

Electric double-layer capacitors have a variety of commercial applications, notably in "energy smoothing" and momentary-load devices. Some of the earliest uses were motor startup capacitors for large engines in tanks and submarines, and as the cost has fallen they have started to appear on diesel trucks and railroad locomotives. More recently they have become a topic of some interest in the green energy world, where their ability to soak up energy quickly makes them particularly suitable for regenerative braking applications, whereas batteries have difficulty in this application due to slow charging rates. New technology in development could potentially make EDLCs with high enough energy density to be an attractive replacement for batteries in all-electric cars and plug-in hybrids, as EDLCs are quick charging and exhibit temperature stability. They can also be used in PC Cards, flash photography devices in digital cameras, portable media players, and in automated meter reading.

Monostable Multivibrator

2009-09-04T09:35:00.007+05:30

The schematic for a monostable multivibrator is shown below. Like the astable multivibrator, one transistor conducts and the other cuts off when the circuit is energized.
Monostable multivibrator schematic.

Recall that when the astable multivibrator was first energized, it was impossible to predict which transistor would initially go to cutoff because of circuit symmetry. The one-shot circuit is not symmetrical like the astable multivibrator. Positive voltage VBB is applied through R5 to the base of Q1. This positive voltage causes Q1 to cut off. Transistor Q2 saturates because of the negative voltage applied from -VCC to its base through R2. Therefore, Q1 is cut off and Q2 is saturated before a trigger pulse is applied. The circuit is shown in its stable state.

Monostable multivibrator (stable state).

Let's take a more detailed look at the circuit conditions in this stable state. As stated above, Q1 is cut off, so no current flows through R1, and the collector of Q1 is at -VCC. Q2 is saturated and has practically no voltage drop across it, so its collector is essentially at 0 volts. R5 and R3 form a voltage divider from VBB to the ground potential at the collector of Q2. The tie point between these two resistors will be positive. Thus, the base of Q1 is held positive, ensuring that Q1 remains cutoff. Q2 will remain saturated because the base of Q2 is very slightly negative as a result of the voltage drop across R2. If the collector of Q1 is near -VCC and the base of Q2 is near ground, C1 must be charged to nearly VCC volts with the polarity shown.
Now that all the components and voltages have been described for the stable state, let us see how the circuit operates. Assume that a negative pulse is applied at the input terminal. C2 couples this voltage change to the base of Q1 and starts Q1 conducting. Q1 quickly saturates, and its collector voltage immediately rises to ground potential. This sharp voltage increase is coupled through C1 to the base of Q2, causing Q2 to cut off; the collector voltage of Q2 immediately drops to VCC. The voltage divider formed by R5 and R3 then holds the base of Q1 negative, and Q1 is locked in saturation.

Monostable multivibrator (triggered).

The one-shot multivibrator has now been turned on by applying a pulse at the input. It will turn itself off after a period of time. To see how it does this, look at figure 3-13 again. Q1 is held in saturation by the negative voltage applied through R3 to its base, so the circuit cannot be turned off here. Notice that the base of Q2 is connected to C1. The positive charge on C1 keeps Q2 cutoff. Remember that a positive voltage change (essentially a pulse) was coupled from the collector of Q1 when it began conducting to the base of Q2, placing Q2 in cutoff. When the collector of Q1 switches from -VCC volts to 0 volts, the charge on C1 acts like a battery with its negative terminal on the collector of Q1, and its positive terminal connected to the base of Q2. This voltage is what cuts off Q2. C1 will now begin to discharge through Q1 to ground, back through -VCC, through R2 to the other side of C1. The time required for C1 to discharge depends on the RC time constant of C1 and R2. Figure 3-14 is a timing diagram that shows the negative input pulse and the resultant waveforms that you would expect to see for this circuit description.

Waveforms of a monostable multivibrator (triggered).

The only part of the operation not described so far is the short C1 charge time that occurs right after Q1 and Q2 return to their stable states. This is simply the time required for C1 to gain electrons on its left side. This charge time is determined by the R1C1 time constant.
Another version of the monostable multivibrator is shown in figure 3-15. View (A) is the circuit and view (B) shows the associated waveforms. In its stable condition (T0), Q1 is cut off and Q2 is conducting. The input trigger (positive pulse at T1) is applied to the collector of Q1 and coupled by C1 to the base of Q2 causing Q2 to be cut off. The collector voltage of Q2 then goes -VCC. The more negative voltage at the collector of Q2 forward biases Q1 through R4. With the forward bias, Q1 conducts, and the collector voltage of Q1 goes to about 0 volts. C1 now discharges and keeps Q2 cut off. Q2 remains cut off until C1 discharges enough to allow Q2 to conduct again (T2). When Q2 conducts again, its collector voltage goes toward 0 volts and Q1 is cut off. The circuit returns to its quiescent state and has completed a cycle. The circuit remains in this stable state until the next trigger arrives (T3).

Monostable miltivibrator and waveshapes. Schematic

Monostable miltivibrator and waveshapes. Waveshapes

Note that R3 is variable to allow adjustment of the gate width. Increasing R3 increases the discharge time for C1 which increases the cutoff time for Q2. Increasing the value of R3 widens the gate. To decrease the gate width, decrease the value of R3. Figure 3-16 shows the relationships between the trigger and the output signal. View (A) of the figure shows the input trigger; views (B) and (C) show the different gate widths made available by R3. Although the durations of the gates are different, the duration of the complete cycle remains the same as the pulse repetition time of the triggers. View (D) of the figure illustrates that the trailing edge of the positive alternation is variable.

Monostable multivibrator waveforms with a variable gate.

The reason the monostable multivibrator is also called a one-shot multivibrator can easily be seen. For every trigger pulse applied to the multivibrator, a complete cycle, or a positive and negative alternation of the output, is completed.

Astable Multivibrator

2009-08-30T18:59:00.008+05:30

An astable multivibrator is also known as a FREE-RUNNING MULTIVIBRATOR. It is called free-running because it alternates between two different output voltage levels during the time it is on. The output remains at each voltage level for a definite period of time. If you look at its output we can see continuous square or rectangular waveforms. The Astable multivibrator has two outputs, but NO inputs.
The figure below shows an astable multivibrator. To understand why the astable multivibrator oscillates, assume that transistor Q1 is at saturation and transistor Q2 is at cutoff when the circuit is energized. We assume Q1 saturates and Q2 is in cutoff because the circuit is symmetrical; that is, R1 = R4, R2 = R3, C1 = C2, and Q1 = Q2. It is impossible to tell which transistor will actually conduct when the circuit is energized. For this reason, either of the transistors may be assumed to conduct for circuit analysis purposes.

Astable multivibrator (Q1 saturated).

Initially, all the current in the circuit flows through Q1; Q1 offers almost no resistance to current flow. Notice that capacitor C1 is charging. Since Q1 offers almost no resistance in its saturated state, the rate of charge of C1 depends only on the time constant of R2 and C1 (recall that TC = RC). Notice that the right-hand side of capacitor C1 is connected to the base of transistor Q2, which is now at cutoff.

Lets see whats happening now.., The right-hand side of capacitor C1 is becoming increasingly negative. If the base of Q2 becomes sufficiently negative, Q2 will conduct. After a certain period of time, the base of Q2 will become sufficiently negative to cause Q2 to change states from cutoff to conduction. The time necessary for Q2 to become saturated is determined by the time constant R2C1. The negative voltage accumulated on the right side on capacitor C1 has caused Q2 to conduct. Now the following sequence of events takes place almost instantaneously. Q2 starts conducting and quickly saturates, and the voltage at output 2 changes from approximately -V_CC to approximately 0 volts. This change in voltage is coupled through C2 to the base of Q1, forcing Q1 to cutoff. Now Q1 is in cutoff and Q2 is in saturation.

Astable multivibrator. (Q1 cutoff and Q2 Comes to Saturation)

Astable multivibrator. (Q2 saturated)

The left side of capacitor C2 becomes more negative at a rate determined by the time constant R3C2. As the left side of C2 becomes more negative, the base of Q1 also becomes more negative. When the base of Q1 becomes negative enough to allow Q1 to conduct, Q1 will again go into saturation. The resulting change in voltage at output 1 will cause Q2 to return to the cutoff state.

Output Waveforms:-

Metal Detector Circuit

2009-08-20T18:01:00.005+05:30

This is the circuit diagram of a low cost metal detector using a single transistor circuit and an old pocket radio..This is nothing but a Colpitts oscillator working in the medium band frequency and a radio tuned to the same frequency.First the radio and the circuit are placed close. Then the radio is tuned so that there is no sound from radio.In this condition the radio and the circuit will be in same frequency and same frequencies beat off to produce no sound. This is the set up. When the metal detector circuit is placed near to a metal object the inductance of its coil changes, and so do the frequency of oscillations. Now the two frequency will be different , there will be no canceling and radio produces a hissing sound. The metal is detected.

Note

To make L1 make 60 turns of 36SWG enameled Copper wire on a 1 cm PVC tube.Powering the circuit using a adapter rather than a battery induces noise. It is always good to power radio projects from battery.

NOKIA STEP COUNTER

2009-08-11T18:24:00.006+05:30

Ever wanted to know how much you walk or run as you go about your daily life?
The Nokia Step Counter not only counts your steps, it also determines the distance you have covered and your energy expenditure. You can even compare your activity levels on different days by looking up the summaries stored in a handy diary. Want to know how it all works? Your steps are measured by analyzing the output from an accelerometer in your S60 mobile device. All you have to do is carry your phone around with you whenever you move, for example in a pocket of your clothing, attached to a belt or your upper arm, or in a handbag worn over your shoulder. The great thing about Nokis Step Counter is that it records your progress every day. You can then check the 'Diary' section to see exactly how many steps you took on any given day, along with details of the calories you burned and the total distance covered. The 'Progress' section of the app allows you to track your performance over time, which can be a very satisfying way to view the benefits of your exercise regime. The information can be viewed as raw data or in graph format. sctreen shots

STEP COUNTER SOFTWARE

About accelerometer
COMPATIBILITY
N95, N95 8GB, N82, N93i, 6210, N79, N85, N96.